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The sign inventory was reduced from some 1,500 signs to some 600 signs, and writing became increasingly phonological. Proper names continued to be usually written in purely "ideographic" fashion.įrom about 2900 BC, many pictographs began to lose their original function, and a given sign could have various meanings depending on context. This early style lacked the characteristic wedge-shape of the strokes.Ĭertain signs to indicate names of gods, countries, cities, vessels, birds, trees, etc., are known as "determinants", and were the Sumerian signs of the terms in question, added as a guide for the reader.
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Originally, pictograms were drawn on clay tablets in vertical columns with a pen made from a sharpened reed stylus, or incised in stone. The cuneiform script underwent considerable changes over a period of more than two millennia. The cuneiform writing system originated perhaps around 3000 BC in Sumer its latest surviving use is dated to 75 AD. The Sumerian script was adapted for the writing of the Akkadian, Elamite, Hittite (and Luwian), Hurrian (and Urartian) languages, and it inspired the Old Persian and Ugaritic national alphabets. The impressions left by the stylus were wedge shaped, thus giving rise to the name cuneiform ("wedge shaped"). Over time, the pictorial representations became simplified and more abstract.Ĭuneiforms were written on clay tablets, on which symbols were drawn with a blunt reed for a stylus. 3000 BC (with predecessors reaching into the late 4th millennium Uruk IV period), cuneiform writing began as a system of pictographs. The cuneiform script is the earliest known form of written expression.